Category Archives: Nuclear Power

It’s Not Easy Being Green

Leave it to a spindly frog puppet* to encapsulate such deep wisdom into five simple words.

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In a world where information travels as fast as light, and telling fact from fiction is more difficult than cooking a perfect soufflé, it can be extremely tough to know what to believe about climate science. But one think is for sure, whether from anthropomorphic causes or tectonic activity beyond our control, our world is getting warmer. The real question is, do we ignore it and carry on like stupid creatures, or do we take a proactive approach to living with the environment, just in case?

Being green can be hard. Do you buy halogen, compact fluorescent or LED? Paper or plastic? Efficient gasoline fueled or hybrid? What about solar power? Wind? Hydro? Nuclear?

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As energy demand rises, the prospects of an all-renewable energy sector grow ever more slight. The environmental impacts – biologically incompatible chemical bi-products, land consumption, capacity intermittentcy replacement needs (wind power has a capacity factor between 20-40%) – we would need to overcome in order to replace baseload nuclear power with solar panels and wind power are enormous. Nearly 2.3 billion earth-warming metric tons of carbon dioxide were pumped into the atmosphere by fossil fuel energy production in the U.S. alone in 2011. Nuclear energy helps avoid 650 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions each year. Politicians are right to tout an “all-of-the-above” energy strategy as the best option for sustaining the production needed to support economic growth and national security interests.

So frequently, “greens” and so-called environmentalists are loathe to embrace new energy development opportunities, and instead are more likely to criticize innovation for its possible negative environmental impact. But such impact is the consequence of improving the human existence. The trick is to balance the good with the not-so-good, and minimize the consequences of our work. Now, more and more environmentalists are acknowledging the important role nuclear power must play in ensuring the future of our country and the habitability of our planet.

Our planet has a sordid 4.5 billion-year history – human’s role in it a blink of the eye by comparison. But our influence on the future of this tiny rock should not be underestimated. If our species manages not extinct itself by other means – disease or war – it will grow ever more imperative to avoid actions that could contribute to a runaway greenhouse effect like that on Venus.

I am not too keen on the vision of a hot, baren, acid haloed Earth. But I like my smartphone, and my computer, and my car, and my big tv.

So instead of poo-pooing energy development – new Generation III+ nuclear plants, Keystone pipeline, oil-sands, wind farms, hydro dams, coal scrubbers – bring it on. As long as new capacity is developed with a mind to minimizing (not preventing, because that’s impossible) environmental impact, protecting the future of our planet is in lock step with new nuclear development.

*Or Jim Henson. Whatever…

References:

  1. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Electric Power Annual 2011.”
  2. Wind capacity factors: Wind Energy Center, University of Massachusetts Amherst, “Wind Power:  Capacity Factor, Intermittency,  and what happens when the wind doesn’t blow?”

Nuclear Plant License Renewals

There are 104 commercial nuclear power plants licensed to operate in the United States. Many of these plants have been operating safely for over 40 years. Nuclear plants are initially licensed to operate for 40 years as long as they are safe. But operating experience has shown that theconservatisms incorporated into their designs combined with the various upgrades that have been implemented over the decades has lent operating reactors a particular ruggedness, which has prompted many plants to apply for 20 year license extensions.

The popularity of license renewal applications has prompted anti-nuclear politicians and activists to assert that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission simply “rubber stamps” these approvals. I recently read a letter from a member of the public that claimed existing nuclear plants are “being granted approval to continue operation with little or no upgrade to their infrastructure.” These assertions are simply false.

On the contrary, nuclear plant operators seeking license extensions are required to comply with the conditions and technical specification of the original license (unless they seek to amend their technical specifications as well); and to demonstrate they have designed a robust aging management program for the facility, which includes replacing aging equipment and implementing enhanced inservice inspection and maintenance programs for plant equipment important to safety.

For instance, before applying for a 20-year license extension from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in January, Tennessee Valley Authority replaced all four steam generators in both Unit 1 and Unit 2 at Sequoyah Nuclear Generating Station. These replacement steam generators feature technologically superior steam generator tubing alloy material with improved corrosion and wear resistance properties. TVA performed this replacement (to the tune of $360 million) in order to ensure the continued safety of the workforce and public.

Other operating plants are performing similar plant upgrades to assure the facility can operate safely for the duration of the operating license extension. The NRC does not simply “rubber stamp” these extensions as some people suggest. The regulators require enhanced inspection and maintenance programs based on the facility’s operating history; and have no qualms about requiring more than what a licensee suggests.

Even after the NRC and the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards has determined that renewing a license will not endanger the environment or public, the extension is not guaranteed. Some license renewal applicants must survive a public evidentiary hearing, during which intervenors – read: anti-nuclear organizations – can attempt to prove extending the plant operating license poses a danger to the public.

You can learn more about nuclear plant licensing and find a list of the current applications for license extension at the NRC website: http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications.html

A Snowstorm and a Pilgrim

Anti-nuclear websites are absolutely abuzz with the “news” that Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station is shut down. Pilgrim experienced two unplanned shutdowns in January due to an electrical relay trip and then a leaking safety valve. The plant was operating around 80 percent of full power when the snow storm that hit the north eastern United States this week caused a power outage that forced the plant to shutdown.

The reason for the shutdown is very simple. High winds = downed trees = downed power lines. Or maybe your neighbor hit the pole up the street. (Thanks a lot Ally!) If the electrical distribution grid is damaged such that it cannot carry electricity to customers, there is no use continuing to churn out electricity to it. Therefore, the plant shut down. This operation is by design, and is not initiated due to any malfunction with the plant itself. It’s akin to turning off the water supply to a tub when the tub has sprung a leak. There’s nothing wrong with the water supply.

However, some websites’ treatment of this outage is less incendiary than others.

CBS Local

CBS Local gets it right.

Boston.com

Boston.com is not too bad.

AP

AP gives the impression a nuclear plant cannot withstand a snow storm.

But I don’t think anyone tops the whoppers on Energy News – a highly disreputable site to begin with – under this headline:

Energy "News"

Energy “News”

From the comments under this highly misleading headline, you would think the plant is in imminent danger of wiping out the eastern seaboard and sending a fiery exploding nuclear mess dropping straight to China.

Let me be clear. There is nothing wrong with Pilgrim’s boiling water reactor. The emergency diesel generators are running and keeping the plant cool. When the grid is back in working condition, the plant will restart and life will go on. And anti-nuclear activists will continue to spread lies about it all.

When the Lights Go Out

The Mercedes-Benz Superdome! WOOT!!!

The Mercedes-Benz Superdome! WOOT!!!

What did you think of Superbowl XLVII? I thought it was AWESOME –  the best Superbowl I’ve watched in years. I was rooting for the San Francisco 49ers – based solely on quarterback cuteness – but alas my team’s comeback was to no avail. Beyoncé’s halftime show was absolutely fabulous. And there was a yawn-inducing power outage at the stadium, which still has all the media guessing, “What happened?”

SMG – the management company that runs the Superdome –  has not announced what piece of equipment failed. Entergy and SMG did announce the outage was not caused by an electrical grid interruption. A fault at equipment where the electrical grid ties into the Superdome caused the protection system to trip – that is to open breakers to arrest power supply to the Superdome. Since the Superdome is powered by the CBD underground secondary network,* such operation could be by design. Its purpose would be to protect network reliability, safety and voltage that could be compromised by feedback to the network from the Superdome. What caused the feedback (or if power feedback was actually the cause) remains to be determined.

A football stadium is a technologically exacting work of art. It takes more than seats and concrete to make a great stadium. A designer has to factor in a wide range of features to maximize capacity while providing efficient means for patrons to breathe, drink, use the bathroom, and escape in an emergency. Various events could challenge a stadium’s ability to protect its patrons – fire, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, inclement weather and, yes, power outages.

Power outages can present a danger to patrons. Backup power systems are generally installed to provide emergency power for a stadium if grid power is interrupted or an internal fault causes a local outage. Typically, upon loss of normal power, the alternate source will be on-line within a short period of time: less than one second if provided from a second electrical grid tie-in, around 20 seconds if served by back-up generators.

Nuclear plant electrical systems are designed in much the same way – but on steroids! Operating nuclear plants are required by law to have a second offsite power supply from a different distribution grid source. A nuclear plant’s alternating electrical current system is equipped with protective features that will very quickly switch from the preferred power supply to the second power supply to keep vital equipment energized.

If both those power sources become unavailable – as is what happened at North Anna after last year’s earthquake – a low voltage signal will initiate turbine-generator trip and reactor shutdown. The signal will also start up on-site diesel generators sized to power the emergency equipment necessary to bring the plant to safe shutdown mode and maintain it there for at least 3 days. These generators are each sized to power all necessary emergency equipment. Nuclear plants also have emergency battery banks to power computer systems needed to actuate the emergency diesel generators and some other vital instrumentation and equipment. Back ups to back ups to back ups – that’s Defense in Depth.

Emergency Diesel Generator in a Nuclear Power Plant

So, if the Superdome had been powered like a nuclear plant, could the game have continued uninterrupted thus thwarting the San Fran comeback attempt that kept viewers on the edge of their seats? (Or, well, at least me.) Well, not really. The emergency systems in a nuclear plant, like the emergency power systems in the Superdome, are sized to energize vital equipment only. So, those dim lights just bright enough to reveal Joe Flacco stretching on the sidelines are all we’d get – along with vital ventilation and pumping systems. So no stage lights for the ‘Mercedes-Benz Superdome’ Nuclear Power Station either. Boohoo.

But that’s okay. I needed a break from those chatty announcers anyway.

*I deduced that the Superdome is powered by CBD secondary network. I don’t have the security clearance to verify that. :)

Video

Time lapse of 83-day Sequoyah Unit 2 Steam Generator Replacement

This is just one of the coolest things I’ve ever seen.

In 2002, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) successfully received approval from the NRC for a 1.3 percent power uprate. Just two weeks ago on January 15th, TVA applied for license renewal. And now the steam generators necessary to transform 3,455 mega-watts to steam for another 20+ years are in place and pumping up the POWER!

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TVA replaced all 4 steam generators at Sequoyah Unit 2. Crane operators be warned, this might make you H-O-T!!!

Modern Age Nuclear Construction

The nuclear industry has changed. Whereas, in the 1960′s and 1970′s nuclear plant designers built with a “customization to the customer” approach, construction today is based on a “tweaked standard design” approach. Let me explain.

There are but a few basic nuclear steam supply systems. The most utilized versions in the United States are based on a “light water” design, where purified water flows over fuel assemblies in a reactor vessel. Of the 104 operating nuclear reactors in the United States, there are 69 pressurized water reactors (where water in the core never boils) and 35 boiling water reactors (where water in the core boils). But these two designs are hardly the tip of the iceberg of  possible nuclear utilization designs.

Prior to 1986, a utility or owner of a proposed plant developed a basic reactor design in consult with a design firm with unique power characteristics and safety systems and submitted an application to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC, or Atomic Energy Commission, as the regulator was called prior to 1974) to prove its unique plant would not endanger public health and safety. Once a construction permit was issued, each plant was designed in detail as it was built, and the design changed as the plant was constructed in reaction to regulatory order or technological advancement. Regulator-mandated improvements and design enhancements and anti-nuclear intervenors bogged down the licensing and construction process, which led to cost overruns to the tune of billions, prompting utilities to reconsider the financial tenability of their investment. Several projects were scrapped mid construction. Bellefonte 1 & 2 and Perry 2 stand like paperweights beneath the fallout of nuclear agnst, while Marble Hill and Satsop are only failed memories now.

Today’s regulatory regime is different. Designs have been standardized to allow regulatory review of one design, which may then be built on any site whose characteristics are within the design limits. A site is deemed acceptable when its site specific characteristics such as seismicity, flood potential, maximum and minimum ambient temperature, and frequency and severity of inclement weather events and etcetera are proven to be less severe than the characteristics used to test or analyze a certified design. Non-standard portions of the design, which depend on site layout, foundation properties, and heat sink characteristics, are finalized by each utility separately in their Combined License Application.

Licensing a certified design limits the financial risk relatively small utilities incur due to regulatory changes or public intervenors. The public is still allowed the opportunity to challenge the technical merit design certifications, environmental permits, and operating licenses. But the public vetting process occurs once and relatively early in the process, limiting possible impacts to construction.

The current combined licensing regime should not imply that design changes would not be made to improve safety or to fix any technical issues incurred in present designs. Emergent issues, solutions thereof, and any other design changes, are evaluated with regard to their potential impact on the safety and security of the workforce and the public, and licensing amendment requests are made as necessary to meet the notification criteria prescribed in the design certification for each particular design in Part 52 to Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations.

The future of nuclear is bright with promise. Standard design certifications and the streamlined combined licensing process will improve financial certainty for utilities seeking to invest in clean, reliable nuclear energy while preserving the confidence of public safety ensured via regulatory oversight.

New U.S. Nuclear Plants – Сколько Лет, Сколько Зин?

It’s been a good few months for the nuclear industry in the United States. In December, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission published the final design certification rule for the AP1000 Pressurized Water Reactor in the Federal Register. And recently, the NRC approved the issue of a combined construction and operating license to Southern Company for two AP1000 reactors to be built on the Vogtle site that has been in preparation for years. The combined license for Vogtle is the first new construction license issued by the NRC in 34 years.

34 YEARS!!!

Now, I myself cannot even remember 34 years ago. I was but an eating, crying, sleeping, pooping babe back when the last new nuclear construction license was issued. Which made me wonder, what else was happening the last time NRC green lighted a nuclear construction project? Here are a few historical facts to put this accomplishment in perspective.

  • In 1978 Jimmy Carter was president. The same year, Carter witnessed the signing of the Camp David Accord that eventually led to a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. The Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin won the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize for their work.
  • Almost every family in American had a TV by 1978. But U.S. politics lagged way behind technology, as usual. While British Parliament sessions began regular radio broadcasts in ’78, the United States Senate just managed to broadcast its first session over the radio waves.
  • In 1978, the average price of a gallon of gasoline was 63 cents, a stamp cost 15 cents and the Dow Jones was in the 800 range. (Even in the current recession, the Dow is almost 13,000!) 1978 was also the year the Susan B. Anthony coin was first minted.
  • In 1978, Volkswagen stopped making the Beetle. They tried to bring it back. But we all know how that went… (So much for the Beetle renaissance!)
  • In 1978, the first test tube baby was born, and the first ever mobile phone system was introduced.
  • In 1978, the Denver Broncos played the Dallas Cowboys in Denver’s first ever Super Bowl. The Broncos wanted to go to Disneyland. The Cowboys took them to school.

Now please enjoy some sexy nuclear pics!